Sleep apnea, a common sleep disorder, involves pauses in breathing or a shallowing of breath during sleep. These pauses, or 'apneas', typically occur due to the relaxation of muscles around the throat that causes blockages or a narrowing of the airways. This will then trigger the body to release a shot of adrenaline to wake us up and take a breath, often resulting in sudden snorts or gasps. Though we may not consciously wake up, the disruption is enough to pull us out of the restorative sleep stages. These cycles, once repeated throughout the night, lead to decreased oxygen levels, fragmented sleep, and daytime exhaustion.
An essential metric in assessing sleep apnea is the "AHI" or "Apnea Hypopnea Index," this tells us the average number of apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep. The severity of sleep apnea is categorized based on this index.
There are three primary types of sleep apnea:
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Occurs when throat muscles relax during sleep, causing airway collapse (apnea) or narrowing (hypopnea).
- Central Sleep Apnea (CSA): Arises from the brain's failure to send appropriate signals to breathing muscles, resulting in breathing pauses despite open airways.
- Mixed Sleep Apnea: Combines features of both obstructive and central sleep apnea.
Recognizable signs and symptoms of sleep apnea include persistent snoring or choking during sleep, eccessive fatigue, the need for day time napping, poor concentration, short-term memory loss, frequent nighttime urination, and restless legs syndrome.
If left untreated, sleep apnea can lead to severe health complications, including stroke, heart attack, dementia, diabetes, and difficulty managing obesity. Therefore, seeking medical evaluation and treatment is crucial if you suspect you may have sleep apnea.